Translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the mSQUASH into Spanish.

BACKGROUND: There is a lack of outcome measures for the assessment of physical activity in patients with axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA). For this matter, the modified Short QUestionnaire to Assess Health (mSQUASH) was developed and validated, originally in Dutch. OBJECTIVE: To translate and cross-culturally adapt the mSQUASH into Spanish and to evaluate the equivalence of the translated version in patients with axSpA. METHODS: The mSQUASH was translated following forward-backward procedure according to the protocol of Beaton. Two bi-lingual translators produced independent forward translations of the mSQUASH into Spanish, and the versions were harmonized in a consensual version. Another translator back translated the synthesized version into Dutch. A scientific committee reached consensus on discrepancies and developed a pre-final version of the questionnaire. The field test with cognitive debriefing involved 10 patients with axSpA with different gender, age, disease duration, educational level and working status. RESULTS: The translation process of the mSQUASH was completed without major issues. The first translation needed several iterations due to small discrepancies in the wording. Back-translation was performed without difficulties, and the scientific committee agreed upon a final version of the questionnaire. Cognitive debriefing showed the Spanish questionnaire to be clear, relevant, understandable and comprehensive. The preliminary version was accepted with minor modifications. CONCLUSIONS: The resulting Spanish version of the mSQUASH showed good linguistic and face validity according to the field test, revealing potential for use in clinical practice and research. In order to conclude the cross-cultural adaptation of the mSQUASH into Spanish, the next step is the assessment of psychometric properties of the Spanish version.

Translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the mSQUASH into Spanish / Traducción y adaptación transcultural del mSQUASH al español

Background: There is a lack of outcome measures for the assessment of physical activity in patients with axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA). For this matter, the modified Short QUestionnaire to Assess Health (mSQUASH) was developed and validated, originally in Dutch. Objective: To translate and cross-culturally adapt the mSQUASH into Spanish and to evaluate the equivalence of the translated version in patients with axSpA. Methods: The mSQUASH was translated following forward-backward procedure according to the protocol of Beaton. Two bi-lingual translators produced independent forward translations of the mSQUASH into Spanish, and the versions were harmonized in a consensual version. Another translator back translated the synthesized version into Dutch. A scientific committee reached consensus on discrepancies and developed a pre-final version of the questionnaire. The field test with cognitive debriefing involved 10 patients with axSpA with different gender, age, disease duration, educational level and working status. Results: The translation process of the mSQUASH was completed without major issues. The first translation needed several iterations due to small discrepancies in the wording. Back-translation was performed without difficulties, and the scientific committee agreed upon a final version of the questionnaire. Cognitive debriefing showed the Spanish questionnaire to be clear, relevant, understandable and comprehensive. The preliminary version was accepted with minor modifications. Conclusions: The resulting Spanish version of the mSQUASH showed good linguistic and face validity according to the field test, revealing potential for use in clinical practice and research. In order to conclude the cross-cultural adaptation of the mSQUASH into Spanish, the next step is the assessment of psychometric properties of the Spanish version. (AU)

Antecedentes: Las medidas de resultado para la evaluación de la actividad física en pacientes con espondiloartritis axial (EspAax) son escasas. Por ello, se desarrolló y validó el modified Short QUestionnaire to Assess Health (mSQUASH), originalmente en holandés. Objetivo: Desarrollar el proceso de traducción y adaptación transcultural del mSQUASH al español, y evaluar la equivalencia de la versión traducida en pacientes con EspAax. Métodos: El mSQUASH se tradujo siguiendo el procedimiento adelante-atrás según el protocolo de Beaton. Dos traductores bilingües realizaron traducciones directas independientes del mSQUASH al español, y las versiones se armonizaron en una versión consensuada. Otro traductor volvió a traducir la versión sintetizada al holandés. Un comité científico llegó a un consenso sobre las discrepancias y elaboró una versión pre-final del cuestionario. En las entrevistas cognitivas participaron 10 pacientes con EspAax de diferente sexo, edad, duración de la enfermedad, nivel educativo y situación laboral. Resultados: El proceso de traducción del mSQUASH se completó sin problemas mayores. La primera traducción necesitó varias iteraciones debido a pequeñas discrepancias en la redacción. La traducción inversa se realizó sin dificultades y el comité científico acordó la versión final del cuestionario. La evaluación cognitiva demostró que el cuestionario en español era claro, pertinente, comprensible y completo. La versión preliminar fue aceptada con pequeñas modificaciones. Conclusiones: La versión española resultante del mSQUASH mostró una buena validez lingüística y aparente, revelando potencial para su uso en práctica clínica e investigación. Para concluir la adaptación transcultural del mSQUASH al español, el siguiente paso es la evaluación de las propiedades psicométricas de la versión española. (AU)

Coping with rheumatic stressors (CORS) questionnaire: Spanish translation and cross-cultural adaptation.

BACKGROUND: Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Diseases (RMDs) substantially impact the lives of patients, with complex associations between disease severity and self-perceived health status. In this regard, the Coping with Rheumatic Stressors (CORS) questionnaire was developed to measure how patients with RMDs cope with stressors such as pain, limitations or dependency. The CORS is not currently available in Spanish, and therefore the adaptation of this instrument is needed. OBJECTIVE: First, to cross-culturally adapt the CORS into Spanish for Spain. Secondly, to test the conceptual equivalence of the translated version in patients with axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA). METHODS: A translation of the CORS into Spanish was performed adhering to the forward-backward procedure described by Beaton. Two translators produced independent forward translations of the item content, response options, and instructions of the CORS into Spanish. Both versions were harmonized in a consensual version. Another translator back-translated the synthesized version into Dutch. A scientific committee including all the translators, one methodologist and a rheumatologist, held a meeting and reached consensus on discrepancies to develop a final draft version of the Spanish CORS. Then, a field test with cognitive debriefing was conducted, involving a sample of 10 patients with axSpA. RESULTS: The translation process of the CORS was completed after the discussion of some discrepancies throughout the process. The first translation was done without major complications. Back-translation presented some discrepancies. These led to minor modifications in the wording in one response option and 15 questionnaire items. The scientific committee agreed upon a final version of the questionnaire. Cognitive debriefing, led to minor modifications; for example, three respondents indicated that one of the statements in the instructions was syntactically complex ("indique cuán a menudo usted ha llevado a cabo dicho comportamiento") which led to its adjustment. The process indicated that the final CORS Spanish questionnaire was clear and understandable to all patients. CONCLUSIONS: The Spanish version of the CORS showed good cross-cultural validity and good face validity according to the field test. Before the Spanish CORS is implemented, further validation is in progress to test the psychometric properties of the instrument in patients with axSpA.

Utilidad de la calprotectina sérica como biomarcador de actividad inflamatoria en la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal / The use of serum calprotectin as a biomarker for inflammatory activity in inflammatory bowel disease

Introducción: para el correcto manejo de la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal (EII) precisamos de marcadores no invasivos, fiables y sencillos que permitan detectar la actividad inflamatoria de forma precoz. Uno de estos marcadores biológicos podría ser la calprotectina sérica (CS). Material y métodos: inclusión prospectiva de pacientes con EII que iban a realizarse una colonoscopia por práctica clínica habitual. Se determinaron: CS, calprotectina fecal (CF) y parámetros analíticos convencionales. Se realizaron los índices clínicos (Harvey y Walmsley) así como los endoscópicos correspondientes en cada escenario (Simple Endoscopic Score Crohn Disease [SES-CD] y Mayo). Resultados: se incluyeron 53 pacientes; el 51% (27 pacientes) con colitis ulcerosa (CU) y el 49% (26 pacientes) con enfermedad de Crohn (EC). En CU los valores de CS fueron significativamente superiores con actividad endoscópica Mayo 2/3 (mediana 10,39 mg/ml [IQR: 7,4-12,2]) frente aquellos con Mayo 0/1 (mediana 4,07mg/ml [IQR: 2,9-7,2]) (p = 0,01). El área bajo la curva ROC (AUCROC) fue 0,85, obteniendo para un punto de corte de CS de 4,4 mg/dl una sensibilidad y especificidad del 83,3% y 81,25%, respectivamente. Además, al comparar con otros marcadores serológicos de actividad (proteína C reactiva [PCR], velocidad de sedimentación globular [VSG], hemoglobina [Hb] y plaquetas) se obtuvo un AUCROC superior. Cuando comparamos la CS con los hallazgos endoscópicos en EC, no hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas (SES CD > 3: 20,1 [IQR: 16,8-23,4] vs. SESC ≤ 3:6,25 [IQR: 5,4-7,1]) (p = 0,8). Conclusiones: la CS es un buen marcador indirecto de la actividad inflamatoria y existe correlación con los hallazgos endoscópicos en CU, aunque sin diferencias estadísticamente significativas en EC

Introduction: simple, reliable and non-invasive biomarkers are needed to enable the early detection of inflammatory activity for the correct management of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). One of these biomarkers may be serum calprotectin (SC). Material and methods: a prospective study was performed of patients with IBD due to undergo a colonoscopy as part of the common clinical practice. The study parameters included SC, fecal calprotectin (FC) and conventional blood test parameters. Clinical indices (Harvey and Walmsley) and relevant endoscopic scores were completed for each scenario (Simple Endoscopic Score Crohn Disease [SES-CD] and Mayo). Results: fifty-three patients were included in the study, 51% (27 patients) with ulcerative colitis (UC) and 49% (26 patients) with Crohn's disease (CD). The CS values in UC were significantly higher with an endoscopic Mayo score 2/3 (median score 10.39 mg/ml [IQR: 7.4-12.2]) compared to those with a Mayo score of 0/1 (median 4.07 mg/ml [IQR: 2.9-7.2]) (p = 0.01). The area under the ROC curve (AUCROC) was 0.85 and the sensitivity and specificity were 83.3% and 81.25%, respectively, for a SC cut-off point of 4.4 mg/dl. Furthermore, a higher AUCROC was obtained in comparison with other serological markers for activity (C-reactive protein [CRP], erythrocyte sedimentation rate [ESR], hemoglobin [Hb] and platelets). There were no statistically significant differences in the comparison between SC and endoscopic findings in CD (SES CD > 3: 20.1 [IQR: 16.8-23.4] vs SESC ≤ 3:6.25 [IQR: 5.4-7.1]) (p = 0.8). Conclusions: SC is a good indirect marker of inflammatory activity and there was a correlation with endoscopic findings in UC. However, there were no statistically significant differences in the case of CD

The use of serum calprotectin as a biomarker for inflammatory activity in inflammatory bowel disease.

INTRODUCTION: simple, reliable and non-invasive biomarkers are needed to enable the early detection of inflammatory activity for the correct management of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). One of these biomarkers may be serum calprotectin (SC). MATERIAL AND METHODS: a prospective study was performed of patients with IBD due to undergo a colonoscopy as part of the common clinical practice. The study parameters included SC, fecal calprotectin (FC) and conventional blood test parameters. Clinical indices (Harvey and Walmsley) and relevant endoscopic scores were completed for each scenario (Simple Endoscopic Score Crohn Disease [SES-CD] and Mayo). RESULTS: fifty-three patients were included in the study, 51% (27 patients) with ulcerative colitis (UC) and 49% (26 patients) with Crohn's disease (CD). The CS values in UC were significantly higher with an endoscopic Mayo score 2/3 (median score 10.39 mg/ml [IQR: 7.4-12.2]) compared to those with a Mayo score of 0/1 (median 4.07 mg/ml [IQR: 2.9-7.2]) (p = 0.01). The area under the ROC curve (AUCROC) was 0.85 and the sensitivity and specificity were 83.3% and 81.25%, respectively, for a SC cut-off point of 4.4 mg/dl. Furthermore, a higher AUCROC was obtained in comparison with other serological markers for activity (C-reactive protein [CRP], erythrocyte sedimentation rate [ESR], hemoglobin [Hb] and platelets). There were no statistically significant differences in the comparison between SC and endoscopic findings in CD (SES CD > 3: 20.1 [IQR: 16.8-23.4] vs SESC ≤ 3:6.25 [IQR: 5.4-7.1]) (p = 0.8). CONCLUSIONS: SC is a good indirect marker of inflammatory activity and there was a correlation with endoscopic findings in UC. However, there were no statistically significant differences in the case of CD.

Association between concomitant csDMARDs and clinical response to TNF inhibitors in overweight patients with axial spondyloarthritis.

BACKGROUND: The aim of our study was to investigate the influence of conventional synthetic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (csDMARDs) and body mass index (BMI) on circulating drug levels and clinical response to tumour necrosis factor inhibitor (TNFi) therapy in axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) patients. METHODS: Prospective observational study during 1 year with 2 cohorts (Madrid and Amsterdam) including 180 axSpA patients treated with standard doses of infliximab or adalimumab. Patients were stratified by BMI, being 78 (43%) normal weight (18.5-24.9 kg/m2) and 102 (57%) overweight/obese (≥ 25.0 kg/m2). After the first year of treatment, TNFi trough levels were measured by capture ELISA. Clinical response to TNFi was defined as ∆BASDAI ≥ 2 and clinical remission as BASDAI < 2 and CRP ≤ 5 mg/L. Logistic regression models were employed to analyse the association between concomitant csDMARDs and BMI with drug levels and clinical response. RESULTS: Seventy-nine patients (44%) received concomitant csDMARDs. The administration of concomitant csDMARDs (OR 3.82; 95% CI 1.06-13.84) and being normal weight (OR 18.38; 95% CI 2.24-150.63) were independently associated with serum TNFi drug persistence. Additionally, the use of concomitant csDMARDs contributed positively to achieve clinical response (OR 7.86; 95% CI 2.39-25.78) and remission (OR 4.84; 95% CI 1.09-21.36) in overweight/obese patients, but no association was found for normal-weight patients (OR 1.10; 0.33-3.58). CONCLUSIONS: The use of concomitant csDMARDs with TNFi may increase the probability of achieving clinical response in overweight/obese axSpA patients. Further research studies including larger cohorts of patients need to be done to confirm it.

Optimal concentration range of golimumab in patients with axial spondyloarthritis.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the association between serum golimumab (GLM) trough levels, clinical disease activity and treatment response during the first year of therapy in patients with axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA), as well as determining an optimal concentration range of GLM in axSpA. METHODS: This was an observational prospective study including 49 patients with axSpA monitored during 52 weeks (W52). Serum GLM trough levels were measured by capture ELISA and antidrug antibodies by bridging ELISA at baseline, W24 and W52. Disease activity was assessed by the Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score (ASDAS) and clinical improvement by ΔASDAS. The association between serum GLM trough levels and disease activity was assessed using univariable and multivariable regression. In case of drop-out or missing data before W52, the last observation carried forward (LOCF) was performed. ASDAS values and GLM levels at W24 were available for 42 patients and 38 patients at W52. RESULTS: In the univariable analyses, serum GLM trough levels were inversely associated with ASDAS at W24 (n=42, r =-0.445; p<0.01), at W52 (n=38, r=-0.330; p<0.05) and W52LOCF (n=49, r=-0.309; p<0.05). In the multivariable analysis, this significant association remained. Serum trough GLM levels above the 0.7-1.4mg/L range did not contribute to additional clinical improvement. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with axSpA, serum GLM trough levels are associated with disease activity during the first year of treatment. A concentration range of 0.7-1.4mg/L appears to be useful to achieve clinical response to GLM.